Gene polymorphisms combined with smoking on COPD risk
Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most prevalent non-communicable respiratory disease and the third leading cause of mortality worldwide.1 According to WHO estimates, there were 3.23 million COPD deaths in 2019, corresponding to 6% of all deaths worldwide. More than 80% of COPD deaths occur in low and middle-income countries.2 The prevalence and burden of COPD are expected to increase in the coming decades due to smoking, air pollution, and other factors in low and middle-income countries.3 The development of COPD involves a complex interplay […]
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